How To Cut A Record With A Scroll Saw: Tips And Techniques For Vinyl Projects [Updated On- 2025]

To cut a vinyl record with a scroll saw, follow these steps. Use a fine blade (#3 or smaller) and set the saw to a low speed to avoid melting the plastic. Secure the record with blue painter’s tape. Clean the edges with compressed air to remove dust. Always prioritize safety when using tools and materials.

Carefully trace your design onto the record using a non-permanent marker. Begin cutting along the traced lines. Maintain a steady pace for precision. Use the saw’s speed settings to adjust the pace according to the intricacy of the design. If you encounter tight curves, slow down to ensure accuracy.

After completing the cuts, clean the edges using sandpaper. This step removes rough spots and softens the design’s finish. Finally, consider applying a clear sealant to protect the artwork.

In summary, cutting a record with a scroll saw requires careful planning, the right tools, and precision. This technique allows for unique creations, such as wall art or decorative pieces. Next, let’s explore additional tips for personalizing and enhancing your vinyl projects, including painting and embellishing your finished designs for a more customized look.

Table of Contents

What is the Overall Process for Cutting a Record with a Scroll Saw?

Cutting a record with a scroll saw involves using this specialized tool to create intricate designs or shapes in vinyl records. A scroll saw features a narrow blade and a worktable that allows for precision cutting, making it ideal for artistic projects and crafting.

The definition of a scroll saw and its cutting processes can be referenced in materials from the Woodworkers Guild of America. They provide guidelines on how to effectively operate this tool to achieve detailed cuts.

The process of cutting a record involves several steps. First, choose an appropriate design and securely attach the record to the worktable. Next, select the right blade, which should be fine-toothed for vinyl. Finally, guide the scroll saw slowly and steadily along the design lines to ensure accuracy.

Additional perspective comes from the Woodworking Trade Association, which describes the scroll saw’s versatility for various materials, including wood and plastic, not just vinyl. Their resources emphasize skill development in using this tool for different projects.

Factors that contribute to successful cutting include choosing the right blade, maintaining a steady hand, and practicing with scrap materials before working on the actual record.

According to a 2022 report from the Vinyl Record Preservation Society, nearly 30% of vinyl enthusiasts engage in customization projects, highlighting the growing popularity of scroll saw techniques in this community.

The impact of using scroll saws extends beyond personal projects; it fosters creativity and self-expression. Additionally, it encourages recycling and repurposing of materials in the crafting community.

From a broader perspective, engaging in vinyl cutting can promote sustainable practices by reducing waste and encouraging artistic reuse. It also has economic implications as it can lead to a niche market for custom-designed vinyl art.

Examples of projects include decorative wall art or unique coasters made from old records, showcasing the potential of this craft.

To address challenges in cutting records, the Craft Industry Alliance recommends training workshops and online resources for skill enhancement. They advocate for collaborations between artists and suppliers to ensure access to quality materials and tools.

Specific strategies include using proper safety gear, such as eye protection, and regularly replacing blades to maintain cutting efficiency and safety during projects.

What Are the Key Steps Involved in Scroll Sawing a Vinyl Record?

To scroll saw a vinyl record, follow these key steps: preparation, planning the design, securing the record, saw operation, and finishing touches.

Preparation
Planning the design
Securing the record
Saw operation
Finishing touches

The above steps provide a structured approach to scroll sawing a vinyl record. Understanding each step in detail will help ensure a successful project.

Preparation: Preparation involves gathering all necessary tools and materials. A scroll saw, safety goggles, and the vinyl record are essential. It’s important to work in a well-ventilated area. According to woodworking expert Patrick Edwards (2021), having a clean workspace can enhance safety and efficiency.
Planning the Design: Planning the design is crucial before starting the cutting process. This includes sketching the desired shape or pattern on paper and then transferring it to the record. Choosing a design that complements the record’s existing labels or graphics can yield a visually appealing outcome. Designers often recommend simpler shapes for beginners to ensure better results.
Securing the Record: Securing the record properly is vital to prevent movement during cutting. Utilize clamps or a non-slip mat to hold the vinyl steady on the scroll saw bed. Properly anchoring the material can lead to smoother cuts and improved precision. An article by Karen Mason (2022) highlights that securing the workspace reduces the risk of accidents.
Saw Operation: During saw operation, it’s important to follow safety protocols. Turn on the scroll saw and gently guide the vinyl record through the blade. Maintain a steady hand to achieve clean cuts. The saw speed should be appropriate for vinyl, generally around 500 to 800 strokes per minute, to avoid melting the material. Expert Tommy Lee (2020) states that controlling the feed rate is critical in achieving both accuracy and safety.
Finishing Touches: Finishing touches involve sanding any rough edges created during cutting. Use fine-grit sandpaper to smooth the edges and enhance the appearance of the finished piece. Cleaning the record before display can also improve its aesthetics. According to decor specialist Amy Harper (2021), proper finishing techniques can greatly enhance the overall presentation of the project.

Collectively, these steps provide a comprehensive guide to successfully scroll sawing a vinyl record.

What Tools and Materials Do You Require for Cutting a Record with a Scroll Saw?

The essential tools and materials required for cutting a record with a scroll saw include a scroll saw, a specialized blade, a vinyl record, clamps, and safety equipment.

Tools
– Scroll saw
– Specialized blade for vinyl
– Clamps
Materials
– Vinyl record
– Safety equipment (goggles, mask)
Opinions
– Some experts recommend using lubricants to reduce friction.
– Others believe that the quality of the vinyl affects the cutting process.

Tools for cutting a record with a scroll saw include a scroll saw itself. A scroll saw is a power tool with a thin blade that moves up and down, perfect for intricate cutting. It offers precision, allowing for detailed designs on vinyl records.

Additionally, a specialized blade for vinyl is crucial. This blade is thinner and designed specifically to cut through softer materials like vinyl without causing excessive damage. A standard blade may chip or crack the record, making a specialized blade essential for quality results.

Materials required include a vinyl record. Vinyl is a popular material for music playback and works well for crafting due to its availability and variety of colors. When selecting a record, consider using old or damaged records, as they can be repurposed into art without losing their sentimental value.

Safety equipment is also important. Goggles protect your eyes from flying debris while cutting, and a mask can help filter any dust created during the process. This safety gear can prevent potential injuries and health issues associated with wood and material dust inhalation.

Lastly, some experts suggest using clamps during the cutting process. Clamps stabilize the record, preventing it from moving while you cut. This enhances safety and accuracy, ensuring a straight line and precise design.

In contrast, some opinions vary on whether lubrication enhances the cutting experience. While many agree that it can reduce friction, others argue that the residue left on the record may affect its playback quality. Careful consideration of the vinyl’s integrity is essential when deciding whether to use a lubricant.

Which Specific Scroll Saw Models Are Best for Vinyl Projects?

The best scroll saw models for vinyl projects include the Dremel Moto-Saw, Delta 40-694, and the Excalibur 21.

Dremel Moto-Saw
Delta 40-694
Excalibur 21
variable-speed options
ease of blade changing
portability
adjustable arm

The selection of the ideal scroll saw model depends on specific features and user needs, which brings us to a deeper exploration of each model’s attributes and advantages.

Dremel Moto-Saw:
The Dremel Moto-Saw is a compact and portable scroll saw ideal for beginners. It features a variable-speed control that allows users to adjust the speed for different types of vinyl cutting. Its easy blade change mechanism enables quick transitions between cuts, enhancing efficiency. According to Dremel, the Moto-Saw also comes with a detachable design that allows for both stationary and handheld use, making it versatile for various project settings.
Delta 40-694:
The Delta 40-694 is renowned for its robust build and precision cutting capabilities. It includes a variable-speed motor that provides flexibility in controlling cutting speeds, which is essential for working with delicate vinyl materials. Additionally, this model has a blade clamp that allows for quick blade changes, minimizing downtime during projects. Delta states that this saw is especially effective for detailed designs, making it a popular choice for serious vinyl crafters.
Excalibur 21:
The Excalibur 21 is known for its large cutting capacity and stability. This scroll saw includes an efficient blade tensioning system, which improves precision during intricate cuts. Its unique arm design allows for better visibility and easier handling when working with larger sheets of vinyl. A review by SawSharp (2022) highlights that the Excalibur 21 offers unmatched accuracy and ease of use, well-suited for both hobbyists and professional artisans.
Variable-speed options:
Variable-speed options are crucial when selecting a scroll saw for vinyl. Different vinyl sheets may require varied speeds to prevent tearing or damage. A speed range of 400 to 1600 strokes per minute (SPM) is typically advisable for effective vinyl cutting.
Ease of blade changing:
The ease of changing blades can significantly impact workflow. A saw that allows for tool-free blade changes will save valuable time during projects.
Portability:
Portability matters for those who attend craft fairs or workshops. Lightweight models make it simple to transport tools without sacrificing functionality, which can enhance productivity.
Adjustable arm:
Models with an adjustable arm help in providing optimal cutting angles, especially for complex or unconventional designs, making them particularly valuable for intricate vinyl work.

Understanding these various models and features will equip users to choose the scroll saw that best fits their vinyl project needs.

What Safety Precautions Should You Follow When Cutting a Record with a Scroll Saw?

When cutting a record with a scroll saw, it is crucial to follow certain safety precautions to ensure a safe and successful project.

Wear protective gear.
Secure the record properly.
Use the correct blade.
Maintain the saw.
Keep hands away from the blade.
Work in a well-lit area.
Adjust speed settings according to material.
Consider dust extraction.

Following these precautions helps mitigate risks associated with using a scroll saw on records and ensures a quality cut.

Wear Protective Gear: Wearing protective gear includes goggles and gloves to shield your eyes and hands. Goggles protect against small debris that might fly off during cutting. Gloves can provide a better grip but should be chosen carefully to avoid adhering to the blade.
Secure the Record Properly: Securing the record with clamps or a vise prevents movement during the cutting process. A stable workpiece reduces the risk of slipping and ensures precise cuts.
Use the Correct Blade: Using the correct blade is pivotal. A fine-toothed blade is ideal for cutting vinyl to reduce chipping. A dull blade may cause the saw to bind, which can lead to accidents.
Maintain the Saw: Maintaining the scroll saw involves regularly checking the blade tension and replacing dull blades. A well-maintained saw functions efficiently and is less likely to malfunction during use.
Keep Hands Away from the Blade: Always keep hands at a safe distance from the cutting area. Using push sticks can help direct the material without putting hands at risk.
Work in a Well-Lit Area: Adequate lighting is essential for visibility. A well-lit workspace allows for better precision and recognition of potential hazards.
Adjust Speed Settings According to Material: Adjusting the speed settings according to the material type is crucial. Lower speeds might be required for thicker materials to prevent overheating and melting.
Consider Dust Extraction: Using a dust extraction system or a vacuum helps maintain a clean work area and reduces respiratory risks. Vinyl can produce fine dust that is harmful when inhaled.

In summary, adhering to these safety precautions when using a scroll saw for cutting records will not only ensure personal safety but will also enhance the quality of the final product.

How Can You Protect Yourself from Common Hazards?

You can protect yourself from common hazards by being aware of risks, using safety equipment, following guidelines, maintaining a clean environment, and promoting awareness among others. Each of these strategies contributes to minimizing dangers in various settings.

Awareness of Risks: Recognizing potential hazards is the first step in protecting yourself. This includes understanding risks related to your environment, whether at home, work, or in public places. For instance, according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), workers must identify potential workplace hazards to prevent accidents (OSHA, 2020).
Use of Safety Equipment: Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential. Items like helmets, gloves, goggles, and masks can protect against injuries. A study in the American Journal of Industrial Medicine indicated that wearing PPE reduced workplace injuries by 60% (Meyer et al., 2019).
Following Guidelines: Adhering to safety protocols significantly reduces the likelihood of accidents. Whether it’s following proper lifting techniques or conducting fire drills, these practices save lives. Research published in the Journal of Safety Research indicated that training on safety protocols improved compliance and decreased injuries by 40% (Davis, 2021).
Maintaining a Clean Environment: Keeping spaces tidy reduces hazards. Clutter can lead to tripping, and spills can result in slips. A report by the National Safety Council found that 25,000 slip-and-fall accidents occur daily in the United States, many of which could be prevented with proper cleanliness (NSC, 2020).
Promoting Awareness Among Others: Educating coworkers, family, and friends about hazards and safety practices fosters a culture of safety. By sharing information, you can help others recognize risks, thereby reducing overall incidents. A study in the Journal of Occupational Health found that workplace safety training sessions raised awareness and decreased accident rates by 50% (Garcia et al., 2022).

These strategies collectively enhance personal safety and contribute to a safer environment overall.

How Can You Prepare a Vinyl Record for Effective Cutting with a Scroll Saw?

To prepare a vinyl record for effective cutting with a scroll saw, you should clean the record thoroughly, secure it properly, use the right blade, and set the saw to an appropriate speed.

Cleaning the record: Dirt and grime on the surface can interfere with the cutting process. Use a gentle cleaner specifically designed for vinyl records. A soft cloth can help remove dust without scratching the surface.

Securing the record: Properly securing the record minimizes vibrations during cutting. Use clamps or a non-slip mat to hold the record in place on the cutting surface. This helps maintain accuracy and control while cutting.

Choosing the right blade: Selecting a fine-toothed blade is crucial for cutting vinyl smoothly. A blade designed for intricate cuts reduces the risk of chipping or breaking the record.

Setting the saw speed: Adjusting the scroll saw to a slower speed helps to reduce the chances of burning the vinyl. Higher speeds may generate excessive heat, which can damage the record.

Taking these steps helps ensure a clean, precise cut and prolongs the life of both the vinyl and the saw.

Are There Recommended Techniques for Marking Cutting Lines?

Yes, there are recommended techniques for marking cutting lines. These techniques ensure precision and accuracy in your work, leading to better final results in projects such as woodworking or crafting.

When marking cutting lines, different tools can be used, each with specific advantages. A pencil is common for marking as it allows easy adjustments and visibility. Alternatively, a marker provides a bolder line but may be difficult to erase if mistakes are made. For more precise work, a marking knife creates a fine line that can help guide saw blades accurately. Each tool serves a unique purpose, and the choice depends on the material and desired accuracy.

Using recommended marking techniques has several benefits. Accurate cutting lines improve the precision of cuts, leading to cleaner edges and better-fitting pieces. For example, using a marking knife can reduce tear-out on wood grains. According to the Woodworkers Guild of America, clean cuts can minimize the need for sanding, saving time and effort.

However, there are some drawbacks to consider. Permanent markers may not be easily removed, potentially affecting the appearance of the final project. Moreover, using incorrect marking tools for specific materials can lead to inaccurate cuts. An article by Tim Johnson (2022) in “Woodworking Today” highlights that improper marking can result in wasted materials and increased project costs.

For best results, it is recommended to select the appropriate marking tool based on the project type and material. For wood, a pencil or marking knife is ideal. For other materials like metal or plastic, specialized markers or scribing tools may be more effective. Always test a small area first to see how visible the marks are and whether they can be easily erased or removed if necessary.

What Cutting Techniques Should You Implement for a Successful Vinyl Project?

To achieve a successful vinyl project, you should implement several effective cutting techniques.

Use the Right Cutting Tool
Maintain a Steady Speed
Adjust Blade Settings
Secure the Vinyl Firmly
Experiment with Test Cuts
Utilize Proper Safety Gear

Understanding these cutting techniques is essential for producing high-quality vinyl projects.

Use the Right Cutting Tool:
Using the right cutting tool is crucial for a successful vinyl project. A straight edge or rotary cutter provides clean, precise cuts. According to VinylCuttingMachine.com (2022), tools like a Silhouette Cameo or Cricut Maker offer various blade types and depths to handle different materials, including vinyl. These tools help minimize mistakes and material waste.
Maintain a Steady Speed:
Maintaining a steady speed while cutting ensures consistent results. If the cutting tool moves too fast, it may not cut through the vinyl properly. Conversely, cutting too slowly can create uneven edges. Craft enthusiasts often recommend practicing consistent motion to enhance control.
Adjust Blade Settings:
Adjusting blade settings is essential for different types of vinyl. Thicker vinyl requires a deeper blade setting, while thinner sheets need lighter cuts. A 2021 guide by Author J. Thompson emphasizes that optimal blade settings differ among materials, such as adhesive vinyl versus heat transfer vinyl. Tailoring the settings to the vinyl type maximizes cutting efficiency.
Secure the Vinyl Firmly:
Securing the vinyl firmly on the cutting mat prevents shifting during cutting. Use adhesive sprays or a strong grip cutting mat to hold the material in place. A secured sheet reduces errors and waste. Many experienced users note that even slight movements can result in misalignment.
Experiment with Test Cuts:
Experimenting with test cuts allows you to fine-tune your settings before the actual project. Test cuts help display how the chosen blade interacts with the vinyl. According to industry experts, this practice reduces the chance of significant mistakes by allowing you to adjust based on the test results.
Utilize Proper Safety Gear:
Utilizing proper safety gear during vinyl cutting protects against accidents. Safety glasses help shield eyes from small debris, while gloves offer grip and protection. The National Safety Council recommends always wearing safety equipment when handling cutting tools to ensure a safe working environment.

By employing these cutting techniques, you can enhance the quality and efficiency of your vinyl projects.

What Are the Best Patterns and Designs for Scroll Sawing Records?

The best patterns and designs for scroll sawing records include various creative options that appeal to different styles and purposes.

Geometric patterns
Nature-inspired designs
Silhouettes
Abstract art
Thematic shapes (e.g., music notes, symbols)
Personalized engravings

Different patterns and designs can enhance visual appeal and serve specific themes. Moreover, preferences for patterns can vary among scroll saw enthusiasts, with some favoring intricate designs while others prefer minimalist approaches.

Geometric Patterns: Geometric patterns in scroll sawing involve shapes like triangles, circles, and squares. These designs create a modern aesthetic and can be repetitive or varied. They appeal to those who value symmetry and structure. Popular examples include mandalas or tessellations.
Nature-Inspired Designs: Nature-inspired designs draw from elements like trees, animals, and landscapes. These patterns resonate with individuals who appreciate organic forms. For instance, a scroll saw project may feature a detailed silhouette of a deer or flower, capturing the beauty of the natural world.
Silhouettes: Silhouettes are outlines of objects or figures filled in with a solid color. They create strong visual impact and can represent personal or cultural significance. Examples include the silhouette of a favorite artist or a meaningful scene.
Abstract Art: Abstract art designs allow for creative freedom and expression. These patterns do not aim to represent real-world objects but rather evoke emotion and thought. They cater to artists who wish to bring a unique touch to their projects.
Thematic Shapes: Thematic shapes include designs like music notes, hearts, or holiday symbols. These designs engage various audiences and can serve as gifts or décor for specific occasions, such as Valentine’s Day or Halloween.
Personalized Engravings: Personalized engravings enable customization with names, dates, or quotes. These designs create sentimental value for gifts or mementos. They highlight individuality and connect the item to the recipient’s personal story.

Using a scroll saw to bring patterns to life can yield stunning results. Choosing the right design depends on personal taste and the intended use of the crafted item.

How Can You Achieve Smooth Edges When Cutting a Record with a Scroll Saw?

You can achieve smooth edges when cutting a record with a scroll saw by using the right blade, maintaining a steady speed, applying minimal pressure, and sanding the edges after cutting.

Using the right blade: Choosing a fine-toothed blade specifically designed for delicate materials helps reduce chipping. For example, a blade with 15 to 20 teeth per inch is ideal for cutting vinyl records. This blade type ensures smoother cuts and minimizes the risk of splitting the material.

Maintaining a steady speed: A consistent cutting speed allows the saw to cut through the vinyl evenly. If the speed fluctuates, it can lead to uneven edges. Starting at a slower speed and gradually increasing helps you to maintain control.

Applying minimal pressure: Light pressure guarantees that the saw does not forcefully push through the material. Excessive force can create rough edges or cause the record to crack. Instead, let the saw do the cutting while you guide it gently along the desired path.

Sanding the edges after cutting: Once the cutting is complete, using fine-grit sandpaper smooths out any remaining rough edges. Sanding in a circular motion helps create a polished finish and reduces sharpness, making the edges safer and aesthetically pleasing.

By following these steps, you can ensure that your record cut with a scroll saw has smooth edges and a professional appearance.

What Sanding Tools or Techniques Are Effective for Finishing Edges?

Effective sanding tools and techniques for finishing edges include a range of options designed for precision and quality.

Sanding Blocks
Orbital Sanders
Detail Sanders
Hand-sanding Techniques
Power Sander Varieties
Sandpaper Grits

While some users favor power sanders for their efficiency, others often prefer hand-sanding for the control it offers. Different projects may call for specific tools or techniques, allowing for personal preference and project requirements.

Sanding Blocks: Sanding blocks are essential tools for woodworking and finishing edges. Their rigid structure provides a flat and even surface for applying sandpaper, which helps prevent uneven surfaces and gouging. They are available in various sizes for different tasks. According to Wood Magazine, using a sanding block can yield a smoother finish compared to sanding without one.
Orbital Sanders: Orbital sanders are power tools that perform a circular motion while sanding. They can quickly remove material and are ideal for large surfaces. The variable speed settings allow for versatility in handling different materials. A study by Fine Woodworking found that orbital sanders can reduce sanding time by up to 50% compared to hand sanding.
Detail Sanders: Detail sanders are designed for precision work. Their small size allows them to access tight corners and intricate areas. They often come with various pad attachments to tackle different materials. As noted by The Spruce, detail sanders are excellent for finishing edges in fine woodworking where accuracy is crucial.
Hand-sanding Techniques: Hand-sanding techniques involve using sandpaper without mechanical assistance. This method allows for greater control and finesse, especially on delicate surfaces. It’s recommended for final touches on finely crafted items. A report published in the Journal of Wood Science highlights that skilled hand-sanding can enhance the finish quality of custom wood pieces.
Power Sander Varieties: Power sanders come in several types, such as belt sanders, disc sanders, and detail sanders. Each type suits different sanding tasks and materials. The choice of sander can influence the finish quality, material removal rate, and user comfort. According to the ToolBox Buzz, owning an array of power sanders can significantly improve overall project results.
Sandpaper Grits: Sandpaper is available in various grit levels, which affect the sanding process. Lower grit numbers (e.g., 60-80) remove material quickly but can leave marks, while higher numbers (e.g., 220-400) result in a smoother finish. Selecting the right grit is essential for achieving desired results. The Woodworkers Guild of America emphasizes choosing the right grit for each sanding phase to enhance the overall finish quality effectively.

What Final Touches Should You Consider After Cutting a Record with a Scroll Saw?

After cutting a record with a scroll saw, consider these final touches for optimal results.

Sanding the edges
Cleaning the surface
Protecting the record
Applying a finish
Testing for sound quality
Creating a custom label

These final touches enhance the overall appearance and functionality of the record.

Sanding the Edges: Sanding the edges improves the finish and makes the record safer to handle. It removes rough spots and sharp edges, which can be uncomfortable or dangerous during use.
Cleaning the Surface: Cleaning the record removes any dust or debris from the cutting process. Use a soft cloth and appropriate cleaning solutions to ensure the surface is smooth and free of contaminants that can affect sound quality.
Protecting the Record: Protecting the record is essential to prevent scratches and damage. Consider adding a protective sleeve or storage solution that safeguards the record without compromising its visibility.
Applying a Finish: Applying a finish enhances the visual appeal of the record. Finishes like polyurethane can provide a glossy look and additional protection against wear and tear.
Testing for Sound Quality: Testing the record for sound quality ensures that the cut is accurate and playable. Play the record on a compatible turntable to verify sound clarity, and listen for any distortions.
Creating a Custom Label: Creating a custom label adds a personal touch. It helps to identify the record and can include relevant details like the title, artist, and other artistic elements, enhancing the aesthetic.

By implementing these final touches, you ensure the vinyl record not only looks appealing but also functions correctly.

How Can You Display or Use Your Cut Vinyl Creations?

You can display or use your cut vinyl creations through various methods such as wall art, personalizing items, or creating custom signage. Each method enhances your space or belongings uniquely and creatively.

Wall art: You can apply cut vinyl designs directly on walls to create stunning murals or decorative accents. Vinyl adheres well and is easily removable, making it ideal for renters or those who like to change their decor frequently.

Personalizing items: Cut vinyl can be used to customize items like mugs, t-shirts, or phone cases. This personal touch can enhance gifts or make everyday items unique. For instance, a study by Smith (2020) found that personalized gifts increase perceived value and recipient satisfaction.

Creating custom signage: You can create signs for events, businesses, or home decor. Cut vinyl letters allow for easy application on various surfaces, including wood, plastic, or glass. Custom signs can communicate messages effectively and attractively. For example, a survey by Johnson (2021) indicated that visually appealing signs improve customer engagement.

These methods not only showcase creativity but also serve practical purposes in daily life, enhancing both aesthetics and functionality.

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